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Original author(s) | Roger Bowler |
---|---|
Developer(s) | Jay Maynard, Jan Jaeger, David 'Fish' Trout, Greg Smith, Bernard van der Helm, Ivan Warren, and others[1] |
Initial release | 1999 |
Stable release | 3.13 / 29 September 2017; 3 years ago |
Preview release | |
Written in | C |
Operating system | Cross-platform |
Type | Emulator |
License | Q Public License |
Website | www.hercules-390.eu www.hercules-390.org |
Hercules is a computer emulator allowing software written for IBM mainframe computers (System/370, System/390, and zSeries/System z) and for plug compatible mainframes (such as Amdahl machines) to run on other types of computer hardware, notably on low-cost personal computers. Development started in 1999 by Roger Bowler, a mainframe systems programmer.
Hercules runs under multiple parent operating systems including GNU/Linux, Microsoft Windows, FreeBSD, NetBSD, Solaris, and Mac OS X and is released under the open source software license QPL.[2] It is analogous to Bochs and QEMU in that it emulates CPU instructions and select peripheral devices only. A vendor (or distributor) must still provide an operating system, and the user must install it. Hercules was the first mainframe emulator to incorporate 64-bit z/Architecture support.
Design[edit]
The emulator is written almost entirely in C. Its developers ruled out using machine-specific assembly code to avoid problems with portability even though such code could significantly improve performance. There are two exceptions: Hercules uses hardware assists to provide inter-processor consistency when emulating multiple CPUs on SMP host systems, and Hercules uses assembler assists to convert between little-endian and big-endian data on platforms where the operating system provides such services and on x86/x86-64 processors.
Operating systems status[edit]
Hercules is technically compatible with all IBM mainframe operating systems, even older versions which no longer run on newer mainframes. However, many mainframe operating systems require vendor licenses to run legally. Newer licensed operating systems, such as OS/390, z/OS, VSE/ESA, z/VSE, VM/ESA, z/VM, TPF/ESA, and z/TPF are technically compatible but cannot legally run on the Hercules emulator except in very limited circumstances[citation needed], and they must always be licensed from IBM. IBM's Coupling Facility control code, which enables Parallel Sysplex, and UTS also require licenses to run.
Operating systems which may legally be run, without license costs, on Hercules include:
- Older IBM operating systems including OS/360, DOS/360, DOS/VS, MVS, VM/370, and TSS/370 which are either public domain or 'copyrighted software provided without charge.'[3]
- The MUSIC/SP operating system may be available for educational and demonstration purposes upon request to its copyright holder, McGill University. Some of MUSIC/SP's features, notably networking, require z/VM (and thus an IBM license). However, a complete demonstration version of MUSIC/SP, packaged with the alternative Sim390 mainframe emulator, is available.
- The Michigan Terminal System (MTS) version 6.0A has been tailored to run under Hercules.[4]
- There is no known legal restriction to running open-source operating systems Linux on IBM Z and OpenSolaris for System z on the Hercules emulator. They run well on Hercules, and many Linux on IBM Z developers do their work using Hercules. Several distributors provide 64-bit z/Architecture versions of Linux, and some also provide ESA/390-compatible versions. Mainframe Linux distributions include SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Debian GNU/Linux, CentOS, and Slackware. Sine Nomine Associates brought OpenSolaris to System z, relying on features provided by z/VM. Emulation of those specific z/VM features for OpenSolaris is included starting with Hercules Version 3.07.
- Certain unencumbered editors and utilities which can run on a mainframe without a parent operating system may be available to run on Hercules as well.
- PDOS/3X0 (Public Domain Operating System, mainframe version)
Usage[edit]
Hercules can be used as a development environment to verify that code is portable (across Linux processor architectures, for example), supports symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), and is 64-bit 'clean.'
There is also a large community of current and former mainframe operators and programmers, as well as those with no prior experience, who use Hercules and the public domain IBM operating systems as a hobby and for learning purposes[citation needed]. Most of the skills acquired when exploring classic IBM mainframe operating system versions are still relevant when transitioning to licensed IBM machines running the latest versions[citation needed].
The open source nature of Hercules means that anyone can produce their own customized version of the emulator. For example, a group of developers independent of the Hercules project implemented a hybrid mainframe architecture which they dubbed 'S/380'[5] using modifications to both Hercules and to freely available classic versions of MVS (and later VM and DOS/VS), enhancing the operating systems with some degree of 31-bit (and as of 2016, 64-bit) binary compatibility with later operating system versions (and as of 2018, 32-bit is also supported).
Performance[edit]
It is difficult to determine exactly how Hercules emulation performance corresponds to real mainframe hardware, but the performance characteristics are understandably quite different. This is partially due to the difficulty of comparing real mainframe hardware to other PCs and servers as well as the lack of concrete, controlled performance comparisons. Performance comparisons are likely legally impossible for licensed IBM operating systems, and those operating systems are quite different from other operating systems, such as Linux.
Hercules expresses its processing performance in MIPS. Due to the age of the earlier System/360 and System/370 hardware, it is a relatively safe assumption that Hercules will outperform them when running on moderately powerful hardware, despite the considerable overhead of emulating a computer architecture in software. However, newer, partially or fully configured System z machines outperform Hercules by a wide margin. A relatively fast dual processor X86 machine running Hercules is capable of sustaining about 50 to 60 MIPS for code that utilizes both processors in a realistic environment, with sustained rates rising to a reported 300 MIPS on leading-edge (early 2009) PC-class systems. Hercules can produce peaks of over 1200 MIPS when running in a tight loop, such as in a synthetic instruction benchmark or with other small, compute-intensive programs.
Tom Lehmann, co-founder of TurboHercules, wrote:
...We can run a reasonably sized load (800 MIPS with our standard package). If the machine in question is larger than that, we can scale to 1600 MIPS with our quad Nehalem based package, and we have been promised an 8 way Nehalem EX based machine early next year that should take us to the 3200 MIPS mark. Anything bigger than that is replicated by a collection of systems.[6]
Hercules generally outperforms IBM's PC based mainframes from the mid-1990s, which have an advertised peak performance of around 29 MIPS. Compared to the more powerful but still entry-level IBM Multiprise 2000 and 3000 mainframes (also from the 1990s), Hercules on typical x86 hardware would be considered a mid-range server in performance terms. For every mainframe after the 9672 Generation 1, Hercules would generally be the lowest end system. For comparison, current high-end IBM zEnterprise 196 systems can deliver over 52,000 MIPS per machine, and they have considerable I/O performance advantages.[citation needed] With the same number of emulated Sys Z processors, z/PDT is about 3 times faster than Hercules.[citation needed]
Note that there are other non-functional system attributes[which?] beyond performance[clarification needed] which are typically relevant to mainframe operators.
TurboHercules[edit]
In 2009, Roger Bowler founded TurboHercules SAS, based in France, to commercialize the Hercules technology. In July 2009, TurboHercules SAS asked IBM to license z/OS to its customers for use on systems sold by TurboHercules. IBM declined the company's request.[7] In March 2010, TurboHercules SAS filed a complaint with European Commission regulators, alleging that IBM infringed EU antitrust rules through its alleged tying of mainframe hardware to its mainframe operating system, and the EC opened a preliminary investigation.[8] In November 2010, TurboHercules announced that it had received an investment from Microsoft Corporation.[9] In September 2011, EC regulators closed their investigation without action.[10]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'6.1', FAQ, EU: Hercules 390
- ^Approved licenses(alphabetical) (list), The Open Source Initiative
- ^'2.02. What operating systems can I run legally?', Frequently-Asked Questions, EU: Hercules 390 Version 3.
- ^'wELCOME'. Michigan Terminal System Archive. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
- ^'S/380 Description', MVS/380 project, Sourceforge.
- ^Hercules goes commercial! (Web log), Oracle
- ^Exchange of letters between TurboHercules and IBM, Turbo Hercules, archived from the original on 12 October 2011.
- ^Press Release, European Commission, 26 July 2010.
- ^News Release(PDF), TurboHercules, 23 November 2010, archived from the original(PDF) on 10 March 2012.
- ^Press Release, EC, last paragraph.
External links[edit]
- Hercules 4.x Hyperion (SoftDevLabs version)
- Hercules (emulator) at Curlie
- Hercules, Son of Z's (Review on Tech-news.com)
- Public domain OS library (MVS version 3.8, VM/CMS release 6, DOS/VS release 34, TSS/370 version 3)
- Public domain software archive (includes Turnkey MVS CD image)
Hercules is an open source software implementation of the mainframeSystem/370 and ESA/390 architectures, in addition to the new 64-bitz/Architecture. Hercules runs under Linux, Windows (98, NT, 2000, and XP),Solaris, FreeBSD,and Mac OS X (10.3 and later).
Hercules is OSI Certified Open Source Softwarelicensed under the terms of the Q Public Licence.
Hercules was created by Roger Bowler and is maintained by Jay Maynard.Jan Jaeger designed and implemented many of the advanced features ofHercules, including dynamic reconfiguration, integrated console,interpretive execution and z/Architecture support. A dedicated crew ofprogrammers is constantly at work implementing new features and fixing bugs.
To find out more about Hercules, follow these links:
Web documentation:
PDF manuals:
To download the current release version, use the following links:
- Source tarball:
- Linux:
- hercules-3.07-1.i686.rpm: 32-bit Intel RPM
- hercules-3.07-1.x86_64.rpm: 64-bit Intel RPM
- hercules-3.07-1.src.rpm: SourceRPM (if you want to build RPMs yourself)
- Windows native program:
- hercules-3.07-w32.msi:Windows 32-bit Installer package
- hercules-3.07-w32.zip:32-bit binaries only archive
- hercules-3.07-w64.msi:Windows 64-bit Installer package
- hercules-3.07-w64.zip:64-bit binaries only archive
Note: Installing the .msi Windows Installer package ensures therequired Microsoft Runtime components are installed and also providesconvenience shortcuts in the programs menu. If the required componentsare already present and the shortcuts are not needed on the target system,the self-extracting or .zip archive may be used instead.
The required component for this build is the x86 version of the C runtime atlevel 8.50727.762.
- Mac OS X:
- hercules-3.07-tiger.dmg: Mac OS X10.4 (Tiger) universal binary version, 32-bit Intel and PowerPC
- hercules-3.07-leopard.dmg: Mac OS X10.5 (Leopard) universal binary version, 32- and 64-bit Intel and PowerPC
- hercules-3.07-snowleopard.dmg: Mac OS X10.6 (Snow Leopard) universal binary version, 32- and 64-bit Intel
What people are saying about Hercules
“Never in my wildest dreams did I expect to see MVSrunning on a machine that I personally own.Hercules is a marvelous tool. My thanks to you all for a jobvery well done.”
—Reed H. Petty
“I do miss my mainframe a lot, and playing with Herc sure brings backmemories. Just seeing the IBM message prefixes, and responding toconsole messages again was a wonderful bit of nostalgia!”
—Bob Brown
“I have installed your absolutely fantastic /390 emulator.You won't believe what I felt when I saw the prompt.Congratulations, this is a terrific software.I really have not had such a fascinating and interestingtime on my PC lately.”
—IBM Large Systems Specialist
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“Such simulators have been available for a long time. One of the mostcomplete (up to modern 64-bit z/Architecture) is hercules.”
—Michel Hack, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
“An apparently excellent emulator that allows those open sourcedevelopers with an 'itch to scratch', to come to the S/390 tableand contribute.”
—Mike MacIsaac, IBM
“BTW grab a copy of Hercules and you can test it at home.It's a very good S/390 and zSeries (S/390 64bit) emulator..”
—Alan Cox
“It works even better than I imagined.Hercules is a fine piece of software!”
—Dave Sienkiewicz
“Hercules is a systems programmer's dream come true.”
—René Vincent Jansen
“Aside from the electric trains my parents gotme in 1953, this is the best toy I've ever been given,bar none.”
—Jeffrey Broido
“Congratulations to you and your team on a fine piece of work!”
—Rich Smrcina
“Congratulations on a magnificent achievement!”
—Mike Ross
“For anyone thinking running Hercules is too much trouble or too hardor whatever, I came home from work one day and my 13 year old 8thgrade son had MVS running under VM under Hercules on Linux. He hadgotten all the information about how to do this from the Internet.When he complained about MVS console configuration and figuring outhow to get it to work with VM, I knew he had felt all the pain heever needed to feel about mainframes.”
—Scott Ledbetter, StorageTek
“I am running a fully graphical Centos z/Linux environment on my desktop.The Hercules emulator is an amazing feat of engineering.I just wanted to send my compliments to the team for an excellent job!Thanks much for making this product part of the open-source community!”
—Roby Gamboa
“I have DOS and DOS/VS running on Hercules withsome demo applications, both batch and on-line. It does bring backsome good memories. My compliments go to the Hercules team. Thank you.”
—Bill Carlborg
“This is stunning piece of work. To say that I am blown away is anunderstatement. I have a mainframe on my notebook!!!!!!P.S. Now if I can just remember my JCL”
—Roger Tunnicliffe
Read Hesh Wiener's Technology News article about Hercules athttp://www.tech-news.com/another/ap200601b.html
Read Moshe Bar's BYTE.com article about Hercules athttp://www.byte.com/documents/s=429/byt20000801s0002/
For eighteen months, the IBM RedbookSG24-4987 Linux for S/390 athttp://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg244987.htmlcontained a chapter written by Richard Higsondescribing how to run Linux/390 under Hercules.Then suddenly, all mention of Hercules was mysteriouslyremoved from the online edition of the book!Read the story of the disappearing Redbook chapter athttp://www2.marist.edu/htbin/wlvtype?LINUX-VM.25658
View the foils from Jay Maynard's presentation given atSHARE Session 2880in San Francisco on 20 August 2002as a PDF file (815K) fromhttp://linuxvm.org/Present/SHARE99/S2880JMa.pdf
The Subversion source code repository
The complete source code for the current development version ofHercules is also available via anonymous access from our Subversion sourcecode repository. The Subversion URL is:
Doing a checkout on module 'hercules' will get you the source for all ofHercules. You'll want to check out the trunk, instead of the wholerepository:
svn checkout svn://svn.hercules-390.org/hercules/trunk hercules
(The last hercules specifies the directory the checked out copy isplaced into.)Please note that this will get you the currentdevelopment version of Hercules, which is notrelease quality and thus might not even work (since it's still underdevelopment). If you want the current, stable, release versionof Hercules (i.e. one that is known to work properly), then use thepreviously mentioned links instead.
Please read the file README.CVS included with the source for additional and updatedinstructions for building the development version.
Other Hercules-related sites
- http://www.ibiblio.org/jmaynard/
Jay Maynard's IBM S/360 and S/370 Public Domain Software Collection - http://www.bsp-gmbh.com/hercules
Volker Bandke's Hercules site. This is the site for users of Hercules on Windows, and here you can also obtain Volker's MVS 3.8J turnkey system. - http://www.softdevlabs.com/Hercules/hercgui-index.html
Fish's Hercules GUI for Windows. - http://cbttape.org/~jmorrison/
Jim Morrison's downloads (includes 3380 support for MVS 3.8!) - http://www.jaymoseley.com/hercules
Jay Moseley's Hercules site - lots of Hercules and MVS information - http://www.tommysprinkle.com/mvs
Tommy Sprinkle's MVS 3.8 documentation - http://hansen-family.com/mvs
Bob Hansen's MVS 3.8 documentation - http://www.schaefernet.de/hercules
Wolfgang Schäfer's Hercules site - MVT/MVS tutorials and add-ons
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If you have any questions or comments please consider joining the hercules-390 discussion group athttp://groups.yahoo.com/group/hercules-390.
Bug reports (together with your diagnosis of the fault, please)may be sent to me, Jay Maynard,at jmaynard @conmicro.com.
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IBM, System/370, ESA/390, and z/Architecture are trademarks orregistered trademarks of IBM Corporation.Other product names mentioned here are trademarks of other companies.
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Last updated $Date: 2010-03-09 23:01:33 -0600 (Tue, 09 Mar 2010) $ $Revision: 5665 $